According to the WHO, female genital mutilation (also known as female genital circumcision) includes all procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011, para. 2). The practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often perform other central roles in communities, such as attending births. FGM is usually performed on minors, from a few days old to puberty, and constitutes a violation of children's rights. The practice also violates a person's rights to health, safety and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death (World Health Organization [ WHO], 2011, para. There are numerous problems related to female genital mutilation. FGM damages healthy, normal female genital tissue and interferes with the natural functions of the bodies of girls and women. FGM also includes complications ranging from immediate severe pain, to shock, to excessive bleeding, to bacterial infection (from unsterilized tools used to carry out the process, such as blunt razor blades). In the long term, FGM leads to infertility and an increased risk of complications during birth and neonatal death. More importantly, the removal of the external female genitalia greatly affects a woman's sexuality. Sexuality varies across cultures and regions of the world and has continually changed throughout history, and this is true for female sexuality as well. Female sexuality encompasses a wide range of behaviors and processes, including female sexual identity and sexual behavior, both physical and psychological. sexual experience comparing circumcised and uncircumcised women. This is because uncircumcised women could probably constitute a special group; Furthermore, researchers should ensure that they do not differ from circumcised women in key factors such as age, education, marital status, or socioeconomic status. Works Cited Chalmers, B., & Hashi, K. O. (2000). 432 Somali women's birth experiences in Canada and previous female genital mutilation. Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care, 27(4), 227-234. Nwajei, S. D., & Otiono, A. I. (2003). Female genital mutilation: implications for female sexuality. International Forum on Women's Studies, 26(6), 575-580. World Health Organization. (2011). Female genital mutilation. Retrieved November 24, 2011, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/