In Islamic history, various events occurred in different periods of time that led to the rise and fall of Muslim empires. Muslim kingdoms flourished culturally, socially, religiously, politically and intellectually in their time periods, thanks in large part to religious and political conflict between Muslims, whether Sunni or Shia. Identify the major periods and empires in the Islam History. You must use at least two academic (non-digital) sources. For each of these periods or empires, you need to identify the dates, major locations, major leaders, and major events. You must identify at least 7 periods and/or empires. The Umayyad Empire arose in Damascus under the reign of Muawiya Abi Sufyan, who came to power in 661, after the death of Ali, believing that it was his hereditary right to rule. Although Caliph Uthman, who was a member of an Umayyad clan, was replaced by Ali, Muawiya, who ruled Syria, believed that this decision was unjust and that Ali could never serve, especially in the Umayyad empire, as a legitimate leader . In Islamic scholar GR Hawting's book on the Umayyad caliphate, “The First Dynasty of Islam,” he states: “The assassination of Uthman was followed by the choice of 'Ali, the prophet's cousin and son-in-law, as the next caliph. . His appointment, however, was by no means welcomed by all: personal and political rivalries existed… 'Uthman's Umayyad connections were prominent in the opposition to 'Ali…' (Hawting 27). One of the main reasons why the Umayyad family, to which Muawiya belonged, was so bitter and did not accept Ali is because the two descended from different clans [of the same tribe]. Although Ali and the Prophet Muhammad belong to the Quraish tribe, as well as Muawiya, they belong......middle of paper......Muslims (mainly Sunni), those they conquered were not forced to convert and were allowed remain their religion. By being smart in their governing tactics and not meddling - to a certain extent - with those they conquered, the Ottomans were able to rule for as long as they remained. However, between the 16th and 18th centuries, the numerous wars in which the Ottoman Empire took part left it economically exhausted. After the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, as well as Turkish nationalist uprisings, Turkey weakened and lost control over almost all of its territory in Europe, including Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Albania. The Ottoman Empire finally collapsed after World War I due to severe internal corruption and problems with the leadership, and was officially abolished with the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres, the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the allies.