Acid reflux disease, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach return, or reflux, into the esophagus. This liquid usually contains pepsin, an enzyme that initiates the digestion of proteins in the stomach, and acid, also produced in the stomach. The liquid may also contain stomach bile. In more severe cases, the regurgitated fluid can eventually inflame and damage the lining of the esophagus. The acid in the liquid is the most serious component. Bile and pepsin also play a role in damage to the esophagus, but not as large a role. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essay In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and closes to prevent food and acidic gastric juices from flowing back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing stomach contents to flow into the esophagus. A hiatal hernia can weaken the LES and increase the risk of gastroesophageal reflux. A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach rises up into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hiatus). The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest. Recent studies show that the opening in the diaphragm helps support the lower end of the esophagus. Many people with hiatal hernia will not have problems with heartburn or reflux. But having a hiatal hernia can allow stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus more easily. Coughing, vomiting, exertion, or sudden physical exertion can cause increased pressure in the abdomen resulting in a hiatal hernia. Obesity and pregnancy also contribute to this condition. Many otherwise healthy people age 50 and older have a small hiatal hernia. Although considered a middle-aged condition, hiatal hernia affects people of all ages. Typical or common symptoms of GERD include the following: heartburn, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, regurgitation, gas and bloating, chest pain or discomfort, intolerance to certain foods. and fluid, bad breath, or a sour taste in the mouth. For most people who need treatment for GERD, lifestyle advice and dietary changes are necessary. Treatment aims to decrease the amount of reflux or reduce damage to the lining of the esophagus caused by refluxed materials. It is often recommended to avoid foods and drinks that can weaken the LES. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, coffee, and alcoholic beverages. Foods and drinks that can irritate the damaged esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits and juices, tomato products, and pepper, should also be avoided if they cause symptoms. Your healthcare provider may suggest antacids for occasional heartburn. Sometimes stronger medications such as H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors may be needed, especially for persistent symptoms. Both prescription and over-the-counter choices are available. Rarely, surgery is recommended to prevent reflux and heartburn. The main goal of treatment is to identify the cause of heartburn so that it can be avoided in the future. Sometimes GERD causes serious complications. Esophagitis can occur due to excess stomach acid in the esophagus. Esophagitis can cause esophageal bleeding or ulcers. Additionally, narrowing or stricture of the esophagus may occur due to chronic scarring. Some people develop a condition known as esophagus.