IndexConcussions in football and hockey since the 1990sHow does the media describe concussions in football compared to ice hockey?Concussions in ice hockey and footballProtocols for football and hockey athletesEvolving technologies that can prevent concussionsNFL and NHL health plan for playersEffects of concussions on NHL and NFL playersLong-term effects of multiple concussionsConclusionAmong the dozens of videos you watch every day, how many do you remember actually? [1] The goal of this PSA video is for it to be one you'll remember. A good advertisement is strong, genuine and powerful enough to make an impact [2] . To raise awareness and change people's lives, there are three things an advertisement needs: creativity, a slogan and a compelling purpose. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay People misunderstand concussions. They believe that all people who develop concussions will have seizures or lose consciousness instantly. People who suffer a concussion can recover quickly, but it may take weeks, months, or even years for a full recovery [3] . However this is a common myth, only 10% of most diagnosed concussions occur with loss of consciousness [4] . Those who are misinformed on this topic may not realize they have a concussion. So the most important message in the PSA is that it might be there but you can't see it. And as a member of the HOSA club at Northview High School, I want to avoid this misunderstanding in order to promote awareness and protect students who participate in sports. [5]People who suffer traumatic brain injuries often overlook or fail to notice more subtle symptoms such as nausea or headaches. Just as the invisible message in the video cannot be seen without the black light, concussions cannot be "seen" or diagnosed without a doctor, which is one of the steps I want the public to recognize[6]. Diagnosis is critical for any medical condition. Without proper medical treatment, concussions can cause serious brain injuries such as memory loss, concentration problems and even, in some extremes, physical disabilities, which can be permanent. Concussions can and should be prevented by taking safety precautions before engaging in risky activities. Especially because every concussion damages the brain to some extent.[7]The ringing sound, blurry frames and misplaced shots contribute to the audience's understanding because they are also symptoms, especially the fact that the images become less focused, as symptoms can worsen without medical treatment and the brain is sensitive to damage [8] . Viewers may quickly notice disturbing aspects of the video and assume something is wrong. We must immediately trust our instincts because one day it can save a life. This is simply underappreciated as a medical problem. This public announcement will properly inform people about a common injury, be it from sports or accidents in everyday life, and perhaps one day save a life. [9] Hopefully, this advertisement was made in an interesting and memorable way so that viewers can remember the symptoms when needed. It encourages them to take the initiative to protect themselves since, as mentioned above, every concussion injures the brain to some extent. So the wayThe best way to proceed is to be cautious and remember that a concussion may be there, but you can't see it. A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that results from a blow or shock to the head or body. causing the brain to move rapidly in the skull. A concussion affects normal brain function and can have serious, long-term health effects (McGannon, et al., 2013). In this regard, an individual should not ignore the slightest blow on the head as it can have serious long-term effects. Signs and symptoms of a concussion include headache, nausea, tiredness, memory problems, confusion, and disturbed sleep or even mood changes. Symptoms appear soon after the injury, but some are not recognized until later. An estimated 1.6 to 3.8 concussions associated with sports and recreational activities occur each year in the United States. Concussions in football and hockey since the 1990s Diehl (2010), states that the National Football League continues to have an increasing number of retired players who have suffered concussions and have developed memory and cognitive problems such as Alzheimer's , depression and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a degenerative brain disease associated with multiple head injuries. In 1994, Paul Tagliabue, the NFL commissioner, created the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee. He also states that concussions are part of the profession and an occupational hazard. That same year, Troy Aikman, a Dallas quarterback, kneeled to head an event that landed him in the hospital. In the same year, the Chicago Bears Merrill Hoge retires due to multiple head injuries that prevent him from recognizing anyone. The NFL commissioner dismissed media reports that concussions were increasing as mere speculation. In 1995, Pellman experimented with Boomer Esiason's return from a concussion using an unproven system that involved the quarterback sitting in front of a computer screen and concentrating. In 1997, the American Academy of Neurology released its guidelines recommending players be removed after suffering a concussion, but the NFL rejects it. In 1999, the NFL issued millions in disability payments to retired players. Out of 2,000, research indicates that 61% of former NFL players have had concussions. 49% of the players had numbness or tingling, 28% had arthritis in the neck or cervical spine, 31% had memory loss problems and 16% could not dress while 11% could not feed themselves (Macciocchi, 2001 ). In 2012, the NFL reported 261 concussions, 229 in 2013, 206 in 2014, and 271 in 2015. In 2016, the NFL and the NFL Players' Association implemented a new policy to enforce concussion protocol. In ice hockey, total concussions are relatively small compared to football. There is lower participation in the game at both the high school and college levels. Research indicates that from 1990 to 2004, the rate of concussions in men who participated in the sport was 0.41 per 1000. Concussions in hockey players occur at 6.3% during training and at 10.3% during the match. The relationship between age and shock, however, remains unclear. From 1995 to 1997, the rate of concussions was highest among ice hockey players. From 2006 to 2013, only 511 incidents were reported in 844 games (Iverson et al., 2001). How does the media portray concussions in football compared to ice hockey? Slobounov and Sebastianelli(2014) mention that concussion issues in sport have recently attracted considerable media coverage in recent years. The media has focused on professional soccer or ice hockey and high-speed games where there is full contact between powerful players. While there has been a notable improvement in how the media reports the severity associated with serious brain injuries and concussions, more needs to be done to improve player health. It is essential that the media reports the facts rather than sensationalist issues which could lead to misinterpretation of such sports. According to media reports, hockey and football are the collision sports with the highest rates of concussions. The discrepancy between reported cases and actual injuries is similar in football, which has the highest number of concussions (Womble and Collins, 2016). The American media leaves the impression that head trauma and violence are an integral part of hockey and cannot be avoided. In the past, the media only focused on head trauma when star players were affected, however, the focus has shifted as all players are included. In both ice hockey and football, the media in the past indicated that protective gear was a way to ensure player safety, but now they say that protective gear is part of the problem as it makes players feel invulnerable by invoking risk taking. The media has been accused of stoking fear of the long-term effects associated with head injuries. The NHL accused the media of speculation and fear mongering rather than having scientific evidence (Niranjan and Lunsford, 2014). Additionally, the Commission denied media reports that concussions could lead to long-term CTE. The media has covered every dead player in the NHL as suspected of having CTE. The media has investigated all deaths of ice hockey players by first assuming that they had brain injuries, as a result of concussions suffered on the field. It's no different with NFL football players. Despite numerous reports linking head injuries to brain damage, the NFL continues to deny the link. The media reports on players who are reluctant to report injuries for fear of missing playing time. Such players do not realize the long-term effects until they retire from the field. Concussions in Ice Hockey and FootballBoth football and hockey are physical contact sports that can have strenuous effects on the body. As far as concussions or general injuries go, football seems to be affected more than hockey. Data from American Sports conducted research in 2006 indicating that out of 100 ice hockey participants 9.5 suffered concussions while the number doubled in football. Other determining factors of injuries include the position of the players in both games. In hockey, defensemen and forwards are more likely to suffer concussions because they spend a lot of time on skates and in contact with others. In football, however, goalkeepers are less likely to suffer injuries than other players in contact with opponents. Concussions are similar in both sports, most resulting from hits to the T-bones or between the eyes. The blow causes the brain's center of gravity to vibrate. Additionally, running causes the mind to swing dangerously back and forth until it hits the skull. In younger players, the brain is flush with the bones, making the effect less severe. Additionally, helmet-to-helmet hits can cause serious injuries. Hits to the sides of the head are much more serious because theRotation of the brain during a rotational concussion can cause serious injury. Experts say rotational forces cause nerve cells and fibers to rupture, ultimately causing blood vessels to stretch beyond their ability to remain intact. After a hit, the brain gradually speeds up releasing neurotransmitters that eventually become chaotic and useless. The cell is unable to transmit nerve impulses because it is damaged and non-functional. Protocols for Football and Hockey Athletes Throughout history, considerable information has accumulated on the psychological and physical characteristics of high-profile players. Based on current information, desirable fitness profiles for elite players, particularly in hockey, are outlined and models are used to compare future players. Protocols are necessary to identify a player's weaknesses, fitness and physical or physiological capacity. There is a model for sports injury prevention that follows a conceptual process. The model determines the extent of the damage; it also determines the mechanism of particular injury that needs to be prevented by developing and implementing interventions, as well as reevaluates the incidence of injuries to determine whether the process has been successful. The NHL and NLF have developed measures to prevent concussions that could lead to brain damage in the future. These organizations have established concussion management protocols involving baseline testing that requires all athletes to complete a baseline Neurocognitive Balance System and Biodex test before being cleared as first-year athletes. The test includes checking concussion history, cognitive assessment and symptom evaluation. The NHL and NFL have made great strides in reducing the number of concussions that occur on the field. While concussions cannot be eliminated, they can be reduced. In this regard, technological advances have been adopted in the search for solutions. The NFL, for example, has introduced protective gear and new helmets, thus making profound changes progressively and quickly. The newly introduced helmets have a cut in the front designed to make it more flexible but at the same time maintain overall rigidity. Additionally, the thick padding behind the free space makes it move less, but just enough to allow the player to take big hits. Impact from any side allows the helmet to flex in such a way that it can dissipate the blow before the impact is felt on the head. These are just some of the features of the new helmets and mouthguards designed to reduce injuries. It is worth noting that the new initiatives introduced before have resulted in a significant reduction and significant importance for athletes. In addition to the new improved apparel, the league has implemented two rule changes with the goal of increasing athlete safety. Firstly, an offensive player who intends to catch a ball that has already been intercepted will be considered defenseless, so he cannot be attacked in the neck or head area by opponents as possession changes and a penalty will be applied. Additionally, the league has issued certified player coaches who are in the sky boxes at every game a mandate to stop play at the touch of a button once they see a player showing signs of injury even if he has sustained injuries in the previous matches. Additionally, the NFL is working with the Canadian Football League to improve the treatment of concussions. The NHL, on the other hand, recommends the use of.