For example, light irradiation, ionic solvents, pressure rise, aqueous medium and additives. Despite the insolubility of the reagents in water, this medium was effective for Wittig reactions involving various ylides without affecting the isomeric ratio. The improvement was most significant with aromatic and long-chain aldehydes that induced large hydrophobic effects. Consequently, it was suggested that the ability of water to stabilize the polar transition state and reduce the solvation energy through hydrophobic associations caused improved reaction rates and selective yields.10 In the aqueous Wittig reaction, a combination of other factors could further improve the reaction. These included increasing the temperature to distribute the aldehyde molecules for the reaction and the LiCl additive that stabilized the phosphoranes to prevent reactions with water.10 In general, lithium cations could catalyze the condensation step facilitating the attack nucleophilic or by stabilizing the betaine intermediate to provide an alternative pathway with lower activation energy, thus shortening reaction times and improving the final