Technology is crucial in influencing society, so it is imperative to understand what influences technological development and how it changes society, such as social formation and theories of technological determinism. Langdon Winner argues for the social determination of technology through the discoveries of others and his theories of politically influenced technologies, so Winner explains technological determinism by defining the theory in this context. and use” (Winner, 1986, p.21). When talking about politics, Winner refers to authorities in society and how people behave under that power (Winner, 1986, p.22). The winner states two ways in which artifacts have politics; first, when inventing, designing, or fine-tuning a technology becomes a way to solve a problem in a particular society, and when “inherently political technologies” exist, that is, artificial systems that require specific types of political relations (Winner, 1986, p.22). Winner formulated his theory of political artifacts as a means of understanding which technologies and contexts are significant and why, and that "it is an undertaking that must involve both the study of specific technical systems and their history and a thorough understanding of the concepts and controversies of political theory” (Winner,1986, p.39). These theories were formed through the influence of the ideas of others, including Lewis Mumford, William Morris, Dennis Hayes and Karl Marx, who all discussed the influence of particular technologies on society (Winner, 1986, pp.19-20) Architect Robert Moses is an example that Winner talked about when explaining politics...... middle of paper ......e where larger companies banded together to be able to introduce a new technology into society after the failure of the gas refrigerator, this case highlights the difficulty of introducing a new technology into society, something that still exists in contemporary societies (Schwartz Cowan, 1985 , p.212). “If nothing else, it is important for us to gain a clearer view of these matters, so it has been our habit thus far” (Winner, 1986, p.39). In conclusion, Winner's theory of political artifacts complements the social determination of technology through her arguments and insights into the cases of both Robert Moses and the tomato picker, indicating that there are many social and political circumstances that are simultaneously involved in new technologies . Through the analysis of these cases Winner explains and defines technological determinism.