Ankle sprains are one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries and are particularly relevant at all levels of sport.1 Among all sports, the incidence of ankle sprain is greatest in volleyball considering its non-contact nature. 2 The most common ankle sprain occurs on the lateral or outside part of the ankle.3 Reports estimate that ankle sprains account for approximately 24% to 54% of all sports-related injuries, and 23,000 people suffer them every day in the United States United.4Lateral Ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments that support the ankle become overstretched or partially or completely torn.1 This can occur when the foot twists inward (the foot is adducted in plantar flexion).5 The ligaments involved in lateral ankle sprains are the anterior talofibular ligament, the calcanealfibular ligament (ATF), the calcanealfibular ligament (CF), and the posterior talofibular ligament (PTF).6 The anterior talofibular ligament is the weaker and more commonly injured ankle.6 The posterior talofibular ligament is rarely injured in ankle sprains.6 The anterior drawer test can be used to evaluate the strength of the anterior calcaneal fibular ligament and the inversion stress test can be used to evaluate the peroneocalcaneal ligament.6 Ankle sprains are divided into three grades ranging from mild to severe.6 A grade I sprain is defined as a mild sprain with strain and possible mild tearing of the ligaments without instability of the joint hit. There is swelling and mild stiffness around the joint, but people can walk with minimal pain.6 A grade II sprain is defined as a moderate sprain with partial tearing of the ligaments. Abnormal loosening of the ankle joint occurs when the ankle joint is moved in certain ways and the ligaments become painful when touched. People can walk with a different... center of the card......085/1062-6050-43.2.17919. Binkley JM, Stratford PW, Lott SA, Riddle DL. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS): scale development, measurement properties and clinical application. North American Orthopedic Rehabilitation Research Network. Physics. 1999;79:371-383.20. Watson CJ, Propps M, Ratner J, Zeigler DL, Horton P, Smith SS. Reliability and responsiveness of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale and Anterior Knee Pain Scale in patients with anterior knee pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:136-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.140321. Alcock GK, Stratford PW. Validation of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on athletic subjects with ankle sprains. Physiotherapist Can. 2002;54:233-240.22. Bohannon RW. Intertester reliability of portable dynamometry: A concise summary of published research. Perceptual motor skills. 1999;88(3 par1):899–902.
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