Question 1 Modernization theory argues that development is a sequential process strongly associated with the "scale of development" metaphor. The idea of ​​scale of development is clearly illustrated in The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto proposed by Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960. The stages of economic growth consist of five consecutive phases. Rostow also provides some assumptions to support his idea that development is conceived as a sequential and evolutionary process while the second is that the economy spontaneously goes through each phase continuously. Unfortunately, these hypotheses are very unconvincing and uncertain. Furthermore, the idea of ​​the “scale of development” is perceived as problematic for two reasons. The first is that the context of Rostow's idea is not global as it refers only to the Western model; secondly, it emphasizes more human development while neglecting ecological factors. According to Rostow's theory of development, there are five stages of linear sequence that society must go through starting from traditional society. Traditional society is a “natural” state of underdevelopment. These societies have a low level of productivity because there are limitations such as the inaccessible or unsystematic application of modern science and technology on every attainable level of production (Rostow 1961: 4). Because of this limitation, they have to allocate most of their resources to agriculture. Based on these criteria, Rostow classified the companies as nonproductive. The next stage is the precondition for take-off where societies in this stage begin to develop new production functions in agriculture and industry (Rostow 1961:6). Furthermore, Rostow also justifies that this stage and...... halfway through the paper ...... to achieve sustainable development, both factors must be taken into consideration. In conclusion, the two hypotheses on the "scale of development" are unreliable. Rostow emphasizes development as a sequential and evolutionary process. This is a false assumption since development is not a catch-up process and does not also create inequalities. Furthermore, it assumes that the economy passes through each stage naturally. Again, this assumption is wrong as the economy needs a catalyst for contraction or growth and will not remain constant due to the existence of the business cycle. Furthermore, the idea of ​​a scale of development is problematic as it is not comprehensive and does not take ecological factors into account. Because of these unconvincing and highly problematic assumptions, the idea of ​​“scale of development” is considered irrelevant for application in this century and should be revised for improvement..