The invalid feeding trough continued to be used during the wars of the 1800s and early 1900s. The American Journal of Nursing in 1901 detailed a list of essential items for a 'private nurse, which included "clinical and bath thermometers, hypodermic syringe with tablets, graduated glass, rectal tube, catheter, invalid drinking cup and what is found great convenience, a very small alarm clock" (Hay, 1901). Likewise important to the nurse was to have a medical dictionary and cookbook for invalids, which provided recipes for the "preparation of food for invalids to provide food containing a sufficient quantity of adequate nourishment and to serve it in such a manner as will please the eye of the patient and will stimulate the appetite and the mind” (Barrows, 1905). During times of peace the focus of feeding invalids was placed on maximizing the nutritional value and the patient's desire to consume what had been prepared for him. Some meals during this period included cream of chicken soup, lemon ice, beef juice, and chicken jelly (Barrows, 1905). An article in the American Journal of Nursing explored the value of adding fruit to a diet, "the refreshing, appetizing, and refreshing qualities of fresh fruits give them greater value in the invalid diet" (Fewell, 1920). The author also mentioned the benefits of fruit's laxative properties as well as the multitude of ways they can be prepared so that they are palatable to more patients (Fewell,