Tissue Culture: Tissue culture is a modern technique that uses tissues and cells separated from the organism using liquid, solid and semi-solid media. History and principles: In 1965 GEORGE MOREL a French botanist was experimenting To obtain a virus-free orchid plant, during his studies he discovered that millimeter-long shoots can transform into complete seedlings. The manufacturer called it Micropropagation and it was the beginning of tissue culture. In 1970 developed countries started for commercial purposes. At first the technique was used for ornamental purposes, but later began to be implemented to produce virus-free plants, desired characteristics, increased yields and flowering characteristics. Plants produced by tissue culture go through different stages and mediums, then develop resistance to pests and diseases. Tissue culture is also known as mass cloning method. In tissue culture a specific organ or tissue is separated from the plant called ex plant, the separated organ or tissue is grown in special containers containing special nutritional media under controlled and desired conditions and temperatures, the plant meets its nutritional needs from sugar, various salts, amino acids, vitamins etc. Selection of former plants and species: 1. species that have regeneration problems due to poor seed collection and germination, such plants are treated so that the seeds come from well-developed plants are used in sowing plant with odor, flowers, better fruits and many other desired properties that...... middle of paper...... concerns: 1. requires less time. 2. large number of plants produced. 3. requires less amount of sample than explants.4.efficient.5.easily applicable for commercial purposes.6.the plants produced are genetically identical and we can preserve advantageous traits.7.only one parent is involved, so no mechanism is required as special as pollination.8. it is faster.9.healthy for humans.10.higher yield.Disadvantages:1.plants lose vigor due to lack of genetic variations.2.overcrowding.3.lack of nutrition.4.require skilled workers. 5.expensive laboratory equipment .6.plants can lose during transfer to the field.7.loss of plant genetic diversity.8.all plants have the same genetic material and face the same environmental challenges.9.occur very rare new combinations of traits.10 .sometimes the success rate is very low. (references: life sciences, international biodiversity, wekipidea