According to Dolgin (2011), “Biological theorists – mainly biologists and psychologists – believe that adolescents are the way they are because of their genes, hormones or evolutionary history. These theorists downplay environmental influences and tend to believe that the adolescent experience is similar regardless of where someone grew up” (p. 32). “Development occurs according to an almost inevitable and universal pattern, regardless of the sociocultural environment” (Dolgin, 2013, p. 32). Alienation is defined by Dictionary.com (2013) as “the state of being withdrawn or isolated from the objective world, as through indifference or disaffection.” Therefore alienation would be seen by the biological theorist as having its roots in the evolutionary development of human beings and their genetic background, resulting in physical maturation and development, and the hormonal processes of adolescence (Dolgin, 2011). Although some level of alienation may be considered psychologically normal for all adolescents, and is likely part of their individuation process from a biological perspective, significant levels of alienation more closely correspond to failed individuation (Tieman, 2004). Biologically, abnormal levels of alienation can be addressed through the use of a variety of modalities designed to return the adolescent's levels of hormones and neurochemicals to normal levels. This may involve exercise or meditation on the one hand, or antidepressant or anxiolytic medications on the other, depending on the severity of the feelings of alienation and what is available to the individual adolescent displaying higher than normal levels. Some adolescents may work through their feelings of alienation due to involvement in sports and other activities... middle of article ......ers-1Smith, W.P., Compton, W.C., & West, W.B. (1995, March) . Meditation as an adjunct to a happiness improvement program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 269-73. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7797651Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk taking. Dev. Rev., 28, 78–106. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396566/Steiner-Adair, C. (1986). The body politic: The normal development of female adolescence and the development of eating disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 4(1), 95-114. Tieman, K. L. (2004, January). The relationship between perceived parental attachment, ego development, and individuation in a nonclinical adolescent population. ETD Collection for Pace University. Paper AAI3138870. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/dissertations/AAI3138870